Characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor air of waterpipe cafés

Highlights

• Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoke is the main source of metals in the indoor air of WP cafés.
• Fruit flavored WP tobacco is much heavy metal emission source than the regular tobacco.
• Exposure to the WP smoke increase expected cancer risk due to the metal concentration.
• The mean of HQ for Cr were >1, indicating an unacceptably high-risk value.